ISTQB Foundation Level Certification Q A

Topics

Chapter1: Fundamentals of Testing

Chapter2: Testing Throughout the Software

You are working as a tester in the team that follows the V-model. The choice of software development lifecycle (SDLC) model impacts the timing of testing, which of the following statement is NOT true?

a) Dynamic testing can be performed early in the SDLC
b) Static testing can be performed early in the SDLC
c) Test planning can be performed early in the SDLC
d) Acceptance testing can be performed early in the SDLC
Which of the following statements about the chosen software development lifecycle is CORRECT?

a) If agile software development is used, system test automation replaces the need for regression testing
b) If a sequential development model is used, then the dynamic testing is typically restricted to later in the lifecycle
c) If an iterative development model is used, then component testing is typically performed manually by developers
d) If an incremental development model is used, then static testing is done in early increments and dynamic testing in later increments
Consider the following rule: “for every SDLC activity there is a corresponding test activity”. In which SDLC models does this rule hold?

a) Only in sequential SDLC models
b) Only in iterative SDLC models
c) Only in iterative and incremental SDLC models
d) In sequential, incremental, and iterative SDLC models
Which of the following is a good testing practice that applies to all software development lifecycles?

a) Testers should review work products as part of the next development phase
b) Testers should review work products as soon as drafts are available
c) Testers should review work products before test analysis and design begins
d) Testers should review work products immediately after they are published
Which of the following is a good testing practice that applies to all software development lifecycles?

a) For each test level, there is a corresponding development level
b) For each test objective, there is a corresponding development objective
c) For every software test activity, there is a corresponding user activity
d) For every software development activity, there is a corresponding test activity
Which of the following is a good testing practice that applies to all software development lifecycles?

a) Each test level has specific and distinct test objectives
b) Test implementation and execution for a given test level should start during the corresponding development phase
c) Testers should start test design as soon as drafts of the relevant work products become available
d) Every dynamic testing activity has a corresponding static testing activity
Which of the following statements BEST describes the acceptance test-driven development (ATDD) approach?

a) In ATDD, acceptance criteria are typically created based on the given/when/then format
b) In ATDD, test cases are mainly created at component testing and are code-oriented
c) In ATDD, tests are created, based on acceptance criteria to drive the development of the related software
d) in ATDD, tests are based on the desired behavior of the software, which makes it easier for team members to understand them
Which of the following is an example of a test-first approach to development?

a) Test-Driven Development
b) Coverage-Driven Development
c) Quality-Driven Development
d) Feature-Driven Development
Which of the following is an example of a test-first approach to development?

a) Component Test-Driven Development
b) Integration Test-Driven Development
c) System Test-Driven Development
d) Acceptance Test-Driven Development
Which of the following is an example of a test-first approach to development?

a) Behavior-Driven Development
b) Test Level Driven Development
c) Function-Driven Development
d) Performance-Driven Development
Which of the following are advantages of DevOps?

i. Faster product release and faster time to market
ii. Increases the need for repetitive manual testing
iii. Constant availability of executable software
iv. Reduction in the number of regression tests associated with code refactoring
v. Setting up the test automation framework is inexpensive since everything is automated

a) i, ii, iv are advantages
b) iii, v are advantages
c) i, iii are advantages
d) ii, iv, v are advantages
Which of the following statements about DevOps is CORRECT?

a) To speed up releases, continuous integration is used to encourage developers to submit code quickly without the need to complete component testing
b) To be able to update and release systems on a more frequent basis, many automated regression tests are required to reduce the danger of regression
c) To treat both developers and operations equally, the testers will allocate more effort to release testing by operations using a shift-right approach
d) To create increased synergy between testers, developers and operations, the testing must become fully automated with no manual testing
Which of the following is MOST likely to be a challenge encountered when implementing DevOps?

a) Making sure that non-functional quality characteristics are not overlooked
b) Managing continuously changing test environments
c) The need for more manual testers with suitable experience
d) Setting up the test automation as part of the delivery pipeline
Which of the following is NOT an example of the shift left approach?

a) Reviewing the user requirements before they are formally accepted by the stakeholders
b) Writing a component test before the corresponding code is written
c) Executing a performance efficiency test for a component during component testing
d) Writing a test script before setting up the configuration management process
Which of the following provides the BEST description of the shift-left approach?

a) When agreed by the developers, manual activities on the left-hand side of the test process are automated to support the principle of ‘early testing saves time and money’
b) Where cost-effective, test activities are moved to be performed earlier in the software development lifecycle (SDLC) to reduce the total cost of quality by reducing the number of defects found later in the SDLC
c) When they have spare time available, testers are required to automate tests for regression testing, starting with component tests and component integration tests
d) When available, testers are trained to perform tasks early in the SDLC to allow more test activities to be automated later in the SDLC
Which of the arguments below would you use to convince your manager to organize retrospectives at the end of each release cycle?

a) Retrospectives are very popular these days and clients would appreciate it if we added them to our processes
b) Organizing retrospectives will save the organization money because without them end user representatives do not provide immediate feedback about the product
c) Process weaknesses identified during the retrospective can be analyzed and serve as a to do list for the organization’s continuous process improvement program
d) Retrospectives embrace five values including courage and respect, which are crucial to maintain continuous improvement in the organization
Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a result of a retrospective?

a) The quality of future test objects improves by identifying improvements in development practices
b) Test efficiency improves by speeding up the configuration of test environments through automation
c) End users’ understanding of the development and test processes is improved
d) Automated test scripts are enhanced through feedback from developers
Which of the following BEST describes retrospectives?

a) Retrospectives allow team members to identify other team members who did not fully contribute to achieving quality as required by the whole-team approach
b) Retrospectives give testers an opportunity to identify activities that were successful so that these are retained when potential improvements are made in the future
c) Retrospectives are where agile team members are allowed to voice their concerns about management and customers in a blame-free environment
d) Retrospectives give agile team members a forum where they focus on discussing the plan and technical decisions for the next iteration
Which types of failures (1-4) fit which test levels (A-D) BEST?
1. Failures in system behavior as it deviates from the user’s business needs
2. Failures in communication between components
3. Failures in logic in a module
4. Failures in not correctly implemented business rules

A. Component testing
B. Component integration testing
C. System testing
D. Acceptance testing
a) 1D, 2B, 3A, 4C
b) 1D, 2B, 3C, 4A
c) 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C
d) 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D
Which of the following is MOST likely to be performed as part of system testing?

a) Security testing of a credit management system by an independent test team
b) Testing the interface of a currency exchange system with an external banking system
c) Beta testing of a remote learning system by courseware developers
d) Testing interactions between the user interface and database of a human resources system
Which of the following test levels is MOST likely being performed if the testing is focused on validation and is not being performed by testers?

a) Component testing
b) Component integration testing
c) System integration testing
d) Acceptance testing
You work as a tester in a project on a mobile application for food ordering for one of your clients. The client sent you a list of requirements. One of them, with high priority, says

“The order must be processed in less than 10 seconds in 95% of the cases”.

You created a set of test cases in which a number of random orders were made, the processing time measured, and the test results were checked against the requirements.

What test type did you perform?
a) Functional, because the test cases cover the user’s business requirement for the system
b) Non-functional, because the measure the system’s performance
c) Functional, because the test cases interact with the user interface
d) Structural, because we need to know the internal structure of the program to measure the order processing time
Which of the following tests is MOST likely to be performed as part of functional testing?

a) The test checks that the sort function puts the elements of the list or array in ascending order
b) The test checks whether the sort function completes sorting within one second of starting
c) The test checks how easily the sort function can be changed from sorting ascending to sorting descending
d) The test checks that the sort function still functions correctly when moved from a 32-bit to a 64-bit architecture

You are testing a user story with three acceptance criteria: AC1, AC2 and AC3. AC1 is covered by test case TC1, AC2 by TC2, and AC3 by TC3. The test execution history had three test runs on three consecutive versions of the software as follows:

	Execution 1	Execution 2	Execution 3
TC1	(1) Failed	(4) Passed	(7) Passed
TC2	(2) Passed	(5) Failed	(8) Passed
TC3	(3) Failed	(6) Failed	(9) Passed

Tests are repeated once you are informed that all defects found in the test run are corrected and a new version of the software is available.

Which of the above tests are executed as regression tests?
a) Only 4, 7, 8, 9
b) Only 5, 7
c) Only 4, 6, 8, 9
d) Only 5, 6

Chapter3: Static Testing

Chapter4: Test Analysis and Design

8You are testing a system that calculates the final course grade for a given student. The final grade is assigned based on the final result, according to the following rules:

• 0 – 50 points: failed
• 51 – 60 points: fair
• 61 – 70 points: satisfactory
• 71 – 80 points: good
• 81 – 90 points: very good
• 91 – 100 points: excellent
You have prepared the following set of test cases:

	Final result	Final grade
TC1	91	Excellent
TC2	50	Failed
TC3	81	Very good
TC4	60	Fair
TC5	70	Satisfactory
TC6	80	Good

What is the 2-value Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) coverage for the final result that is achieved with the existing test cases?
a) 50%
b) 60%
c) 33.3%
d) 100%

Your favorite bicycle daily rental store has just introduced a new Customer Relationship Management system and asked you, one of their most loyal members, to test it. The implemented features are as follows:
      •      Anyone can rent a bicycle, but members receive a 20% discount
      •       However, if the return deadline is missed, the discount is no longer available
     •        After 15 rentals, members get a gift: a T-Shirt
Decision table describing the implemented features looks as follows:

Conditions	R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8
Being a member	T	T	T	T	F	F	F	F
Missed deadline	T	F	T	F	T	F	F	T
15th rental	F	F	T	T	F	F	T	T
Actions
20% discount		X		X
Gift T-Shirt			X	X				X

Based ONLY on the feature description of the Customer Relationship Management system, which of the above rules describes an impossible situation?
a) R4
b) R2
c) R6
d) R8

The following decision table contains the rules for determining the risk of atherosclerosis

	Rule 1	Rule 2	Rule 3	Rule 4	Rule 5
Conditions
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	≤ 124	≤ 124	125 – 200	125 – 200	≥ 201
Blood pressure (mm Hg)	≤ 140	> 140	≤ 140	> 140	–
Action
Risk level	very low	low	medium	high	very high

You designed the test cases with the following test input data:
TC1: Cholesterol = 125 mg/dl Blood pressure = 141 mm Hg
TC2: Cholesterol = 200 mg/dl Blood pressure = 201 mm Hg
TC3: Cholesterol = 124 mg/dl Blood pressure = 201 mm Hg
TC4: Cholesterol = 109 mg/dl Blood pressure = 200 mm Hg
TC5: Cholesterol = 201 mg/dl Blood pressure = 140 mm Hg

What is the decision table coverage achieved by these test cases?
a) 40%
b) 60%
c) 80%
d) 100%

You are working on a project to develop a system to analyze driving test results. You have been asked to design test cases based on the following decision table.

	R1	R2	R3
C1: First attempt at the exam?	-	-	F
C2: Theoretical exam passed?	T	F	-
C3: Practical exam passed?	T	-	F
Issue a driving license?	X
Request additional driving lessons?			X
Request to take the exam again?		X

What test data will show that there are contradictory rules in the decision table?
a) C1 = T, C2 = T, C3 = F
b) C1 = T, C2 = F, C3 = T
c) C1 = T, C2 = T, C3 = T and C1 = F, C2 = T, C3 = T
d) C1 = F, C2 = F, C3 = F

You are designing test cases based on the following decision table.

	R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7
C1: Age	0–18	19–65	19–65	>65	0–18	19–65	>65
C2: Experience	-	0–4	>4	-	-	-	-
C3: Registered?	NO	NO	NO	NO	YES	YES	YES
Category	A	A	B	B	B	D	C

So far you have designed the following test cases:
      •      TC1: 19-year-old, unregistered man with no experience;  expected result: category A
      •      TC2: 65-year-old, unregistered woman with 5 years of experience; expected result: category B
      •     TC3: 66-year-old, registered man with no experience; expected result: category C
     •      TC4: 65-year-old, registered woman with 4 years of experience; expected result: category D

Which of the following test cases, when added to the existing set of test cases, will increase the decision table coverage?
a) 66-year-old, unregistered man with no experience;         expected result: category B
b) 55-year-old, unregistered woman with 2 years of experience;          expected result: category A
c) 19-year-old, registered woman with 5 years of experience;          expected result: category D
d) No additional test case can increase the already achieved decision table coverage

You are applying state transition testing to the hotel room reservation system modeled by the following state transition table, with 4 states and 5 different events:

	Events
State	Available	NotAvailable	ChangeRoom	Cancel	Pay
S1: Requesting	S2	S3
S2: Confirmed			S1	S4	S4
S3: Waiting list	S2			S4
S4: End

Assuming all test cases start in the ‘Requesting’ state, which of the following test cases, represented as sequences of events, achieves the highest valid transitions coverage?
a) NotAvailable, Available, ChangeRoom, NotAvailable, Cancel
b) Available, ChangeRoom, NotAvailable, Available, Pay
c) Available, ChangeRoom, Available, ChangeRoom, NotAvailable
d) NotAvailable, Cancel, ChangeRoom, Available, Pay

Chapter5: Managing the Test Activities

Your team uses planning poker to estimate the test effort for a newly required feature. There is a rule in your team that if there is no time to reach full agreement and the variation in the results is small, applying rules like “accept the number with the most votes” can be applied. After two rounds, the consensus was not reached, so the third round was initiated. You can see the test estimation results in the table below.

	Team members' estimations
Round 1	21	2	5	34	13	8	2
Round 2	13	8	8	34	13	8	5
Round 3	13	8	13	13	13	13	8

Which of the following is the BEST example of the next step?
a) The product owner has to step in and make a final decision
b) Accept 13 as the final test estimate as this has most of the votes
c) No further action is needed. Consensus has been reached
d) Remove the new feature from the current release because consensus has not been reached

You want to estimate the test effort for the new project using estimation based on ratios. You calculate the test-to-development effort ratio using averaged data for both development effort and test effort from four historical projects similar to the new one. The table shows this historical data.

Project	Development effort ($)	Test effort ($)
P1	800,000	40,000
P2	1,200,000	130,000
P3	600,000	70,000
P4	1,000,000	120,000

The estimated development effort for the new project is $800,000.
What is your estimate of the test effort in this project?
a) $40,000
b) $80,000
c) $81,250
d) $82,500

You are testing a mobile application that allows users to find a nearby restaurant based on the type of food they want to eat. Consider the following list of test cases, priorities (i.e., a smaller number means a higher priority), and dependencies:

Test case number	Test condition covered	Priority	Logical dependency
TC 001	Select type of food	3	None
TC 002	Select restaurant	2	TC 001
TC 003	Get direction	1	TC 002
TC 004	Call restaurant	2	TC 002
TC 005	Make reservation	3	TC 002

Which of the following test cases should be executed as the third one?
a) TC 003
b) TC 005
c) TC 002
d) TC 001

The table shows the traceability matrix from test cases to requirements. “X” means that a given test case covers the corresponding requirement.

	Req1	Req2	Req3	Req4	Req5	Req6	Req7
TC1	X		X	X			X
TC2	X				X		X
TC3					X	X
TC4		X

You want to prioritize the test cases following the additional coverage prioritization technique.
You execute all four test cases.

Which test case should be executed as the LAST one?
a) TC1
b) TC2
c) TC3
d) TC4

Test Charter #04.018	Session time: 1h
Explore:	Registration page
With:	Different sets of incorrect input data
To discover:	Defects related to accepting the registration process with the incorrect input

Topics

Chapter1: Fundamentals of Testing

Chapter2: Testing Throughout the Software

Chapter3: Static Testing

Chapter4: Test Analysis and Design

Chapter5: Managing the Test Activities

Chapter 6: Test Tools

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